2011-2012 University Catalog archived
Biology (BIOL)
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Professors I’Anson, Cabe, Hurd, Simurda
Associate Professors Hamilton, Marsh
Assistant Professors Ayoub, Humston, Watson, Whitworth
Visiting Assistant Professor Gibber
Instructor Winder
The department offers a Bachelor of Arts major and a Bachelor of Science major. Students contemplating either of these should, during the first term of their first year, register for MATH 101 and a laboratory science course in the biology or chemistry departments.
The Marine Science Education Consortium with the Duke University Marine Laboratory. This program makes it possible for W&L biology majors to spend Fall Term or Winter and Spring Terms at the Duke University Marine Laboratory in Beaufort, N.C. Usually this experience is during the junior or senior year. All credits successfully completed will apply toward the major in biology and the degree from Washington and Lee. See Marine Science Education for more information.
Honors: An Honors Program in biology is offered for qualified students; see department head for details.
Major
BIOL 101 - Environmental Biology: Endangered Plants of the Appalachians
FDR: SL
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Spring
Using case studies in plant endangerment as a focal point for understanding ecological and evolutionary processes and the impact of human activities on biodiversity, students gain fundamental insight into their relationship with the living world and the importance of preserving biological diversity through a combination of targeted readings, intensive discussions, and basic research in the field, Field activities take place in regional hotspots of plant endemism and give students experience in applied conservation research. Field sites and subject species vary from year to year. Winder.
BIOL 104 - Biological Illustration
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Spring
Prerequisites: Preference given to biology, neuroscience, environmental science and studio art majors. This course covers the classic illustration techniques of pen and ink, carbon dust, watercolor, and colored pencil. It then moves into the digital corollaries of those techniques using professional-grade hardware and software. Regular field trips are included to practice scientific observation, field sketching, and photography. Ober and Hurd.
BIOL 105 - Introduction to Behavioral Ecology
FDR: SL
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Fall 2011 and alternate years
How do animals experience the world? What are animal social systems like? How do animals choose mates, find places to live, decide when to help others? This course for non-majors focuses on both the mechanisms of animal behavior (genes, hormones, sensory systems) and the adaptive value of behavior for survival and reproduction in nature. The laboratory includes field experiments and lab observations that test hypotheses using animals such as salamanders, cows, birds, and humans. Credit does not apply toward the biology major. Laboratory course. Marsh.
BIOL 111 - Fundamentals of Biology
FDR: SL: BIOL 113 is a corequisite for students seeking laboratory science credits.
Credits: 3
Planned Offering: Fall, Winter
Prerequisites: For BIOL 111/113: Limited seating available for Juniors and Seniors. Instructor consent for all students – Department Head to provide consent (iansonh@wlu.edu). Corequisite: BIOL 113. An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication applied to topics that vary among sections and terms. Specific subjects, chosen from within the scope of modern biological investigation according to the expertise of individual instructors, are examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. This course, and its companion laboratory, are prerequisites for all higher level biology courses.
Topics for Winter 2012:
BIOL 111-01: Fundamentals of Biology: Biology of Marine Organisms (3). Corequisite: BIOL 113. An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication, examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. This course examines specific examples of the unique biology of marine organisms and ecosystems, building upon fundamental concepts to explore advanced topics and research. We follow lines of scientific inquiry that have brought us to the current state of understanding on these specific examples. In the process, we progress through different levels of organization, generally starting with molecular / cellular biology and moving up through population and community ecology.This course, and its companion laboratory, are prerequisites for all higher-level biology courses. (SL: BIOL 113 is a co-requisite for students seeking laboratory science credits.) Humston. ~
BIOL 111-02: Fundamentals of Biology: Adaptation and Biodiversity (3). Corequisite: BIOL 113. An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication, examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. This course is concerned with three major questions about biological diversity on earth: (1) how did it come to be? (2) what is its present condition? and (3) what is its future? Over the course of the semester we cover physiological adaptations, genetic sources of diversity, evolutionary and ecological processes, anthropogenic threats to biodiversity, and conservation. This course, and its companion laboratory, are prerequisites for all higher level biology courses. (SL: BIOL 113 is a co-requisite for students seeking laboratory science credits.). Hurd.
BIOL 111-03: Fundamentals of Biology: Disease Ecology (3). Corequisite: BIOL 113. An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication, examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. This course gives a holistic view of disease and its effects on human and animal populations throughout history. We learn about disease dynamics from the genetic level to the epidemiological level by focusing on diseases such as influenza, malaria, amphibian chytridiomycosis, and MRSA. This course, and its companion laboratory, are prerequisites for all higher-level biology courses. (SL: BIOL 113 is a co-requisite for students seeking laboratory science credits.) Marsh.
BIOL 111-04: Fundamentals of Biology: Rapid Communication in Animals (3). Corequisite: BIOL 113. An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication, examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. This course examines the structure and function of nerve cells with an emphasis on electrical excitability, synaptic transmission, and sensory transduction. In addition, we study the anatomy of the brain and examine the cellular mechanisms underlying simple behaviors and the pathology of degenerative CNS diseases. This course, and its companion laboratory, are prerequisites for all higher-level biology courses. (SL: BIOL 113 is a co-requisite for students seeking laboratory science credits.) Watson.
Topics for Fall 2011:
BIOL 111A-01: FS: Fundamentals of Biology: Foundations of Modern Biology (3). First-year Seminar. Prerequisite: First-year classes only. Corequisite: BIOL 113. An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication, examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. A discussion of the history of biological thought from the Greeks to Darwin to the present genomic revolution. The course focuses on how scientists first addressed the fundamental phenomena in life: 1) reliable reproduction and genetic programming; 2) development from a single cell to a fully differentiated multicellular adult; and 3) the origin of species and the evolution of diversity. This course, and its companion laboratory, are prerequisites for all higher level biology courses. (SL when taken with BIOL 113). Ayoub.
BIOL 111-01: Fundamentals of Biology: Addiction and Drugs of Abuse (3). Corequisite: BIOL 113. An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication, examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. This course will use addiction as a model for understanding basic principles of genetics, cell biology, anatomy, and physiology. An in-depth discussion of the common mechanisms of action of addictive substances will be included, as well as relevant information about treatment and recovery strategies. This course, and its companion laboratory, are prerequisites for all higher level biology courses. (SL BIOL 113 is a co-requisite for students seeking laboratory science credits.) Blythe.
BIOL 111-02: Fundamentals of Biology: Human History (3). An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication, examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. Traditionally, the history of the human species has been the purview of archeologists and historians. More recently, genetic data have been used to explore and better understand many facets of human history. How are Neandertals related to modern humans? Where and when did modern humans evolve? What does genetics tell us about the peopling of the Americas? Did the first farming technologies spread through cultural diffusion or expansion of farming populations? This course examines the foundations and background of human population genetics in addition to research articles investigating the history of the human species.This course, and its companion laboratory, are prerequisites for all higher level biology courses. (SL: BIOL 113 is a corequisite for students seeking laboratory science credits). Cabe.
BIOL 111-03: Fundamentals of Biology: Heart Attacks and High Fructose Corn Syrup (3). Corequisite: Biology 113. An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication, examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. We investigate the importance of nutrition in the context of the sweetening of our food supply by understanding the biochemical and physiological basis of atherosclerosis which in many patients, when left untreated, leads to a heart attack. (SL when taken with BIOL 113). Hamilton.
BIOL 111-04: Fundamentals of Biology: Bacterial Genetics (3). An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication, examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. This course is an introduction to the genes and the mechanisms of gene expression by bacterial cells. It focuses on the current issues of bacterial infections in humans. Simurda.
BIOL 111-05: Fundamentals of Biology: Genes, Drugs and Toxins (3). Corequisite: BIOL 113. An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication, examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. This course explores the interplay between genetic variation and differences in the ways in which people respond to therapeutic drugs and environmental toxins. Example case studies will include the genetic basis for resistance to drugs used to treat cancer and individual variation in sensitivity to common pesticides. Our readings will be primarily from the current scientific literature as we focus on the new and emerging fields of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics. This course, and its companion laboratory, are prerequisites for all higher level biology courses. Whitworth.
BIOL 113 - Biology Laboratory
FDR: SL: see note in BIOL 111.
Credits: 1
Planned Offering: Fall, Winter
Prerequisites: For BIOL 111/113: Limited seating available for Juniors and Seniors. Instructor consent for all students – Department Head to provide consent (iansonh@wlu.edu). Corequisite: BIOL 111. A laboratory course to accompany BIOL 111. Students are trained in basic techniques of biological research by demonstrations and investigatory exercises, including data analysis and scientific communication. Winder.
BIOL 140 - Natural History of Rockbridge County
FDR: SL
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Spring 2012 and alternate years.
An introduction to the flora and fauna of Rockbridge County, with heavy emphasis on first-hand field experience. Readings include historical and current descriptions of biological communities and species typical of this area of Virginia, The close relationship between natural history and the fields of ecology and evolution is explored. Discussions and field trips emphasize the history of natural communities in the Shenandoah Valley and Southern Appalachians, the changes to these communities caused by human, and conservation strategies. Students should be prepared to be outside in all weather, hike in rough terrain, and enjoy field exploration (including early mornings and night excursions). Cabe.
BIOL 165 - Human Biology and Nutrition
FDR: SL
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Winter 2011 and alternate years
Students in this laboratory based course for non-majors investigate the importance of nutrition in the context of normal human biology and as it relates to poor nutritional choices on the proliferation of a suite of human diseases. Topics covered include diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, and hyperlipidemia. In addition to other forms of assessment, students develop modules for kindergarten-to-fifth-grade science units based on content from the lecture and laboratory components of the course. Hamilton.
BIOL 180 - FS: First-Year Seminar
FDR: SC
Credits: 3
Planned Offering: Offered occasionally. Each first-year seminar topic is approved by the Dean of The College and the Committee on Courses and Degrees. Applicability to FDRs and other requirements varies.
First-year seminar. Prerequisite: First-year standing. Topical description when offered.
Topic for Fall 2011:
BIOL 180: FS:Human Biology and Nutrition (3). First-year seminar. This course investigates the importance of nutrition in the context of normal human biology and as it relates to poor nutritional choices on the proliferation of a suite of human diseases. Topics covered include diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, and hyperlipidemia. After developing comprehension of these topics through course content and group discussion of topics from primary scientific literature, students develop instructional science materials for K – 5th grade school children designed to fulfill biological and life science goals required by the Science Standards of Learning for Virginia’s Public Schools. (SC) Hamilton
BIOL 195 - Topics in Biology
Credits: 3 credits in Fall and Winter, 4 credits in Spring
Planned Offering: Spring 2012
Topics vary with instructor and term. May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different.
Topic for Spring 2012:
BIOL 195-01: Learning about the Body: A History of Anatomy and Medical Education (4). An introduction to the history of medicine with a focus on the history of medical education and anatomical study. Students gain insight into the history of medicine through study of anatomy textbooks produced over the past five centuries, and they develop skills in historical research by analyzing the memoir of a 19th-century W&L graduate whose medical education included both apprenticeship and university study. (HU) Gibber. Spring 2012 only.
BIOL 200 - Research Preparation in the Biosciences
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Spring
Prerequisite: Instructor consent. This course is composed of seminar and workshop modules on such topics as: critical reading of research papers; use of relevant primary literature in experimental design; integrative approaches to research questions; use of quantitative methods and modeling; data acquisition, record-keeping, and analysis; research ethics; introduction to specific lab techniques used in research; scientific writing and data presentation. In addition, students develop and present a research plan for their research project that is discussed and critiqued by the whole group. Laboratory course. I’Anson
BIOL 210 - Human Parasitology
Credits: 3
Planned Offering: Offered when interest is expressed and departmental resources permit.
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. A survey of the phenomenon of animal parasitism, including discussion of the chief distinguishing structures, life cycles, and functions of major pathogenic parasites infecting humans and other animals. Simurda.
BIOL 211 - Cell Biology
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Winter 2012
Prerequisites: Bio 111 and 113. This course will focus on understanding the components of a cell, the internal organization of a cell, how they move, how they function, how they respond to cues from their external environment, and the limits of our current knowledge. Lecture topics will include the internal organization of a cell, structure and function of DNA, RNA and proteins, membrane and cytoskeleton structure function, protein sorting, membrane transport, cell cycle and cell-cycle control, cell signaling and communication, and cell death. The lab component reinforces the lecture by emphasizing the experimental approaches to the study of cell biology. Laboratory course. Watson.
BIOL 211S - Cell Structure and Function at St. Andrews
Credits: 6
Planned Offering: Fall
Prerequisites: An average grade of at least 3.0 in BIOL 111 and 113, a 3.000 cumulative GPA, and permission of the Department of Biology. . This is an introductory module covering general aspects of animal cell structure and associated physiology. The module starts with a general overview of the regulation of the cell cycle, the roles of protein complexes essential to cell shape and adhesion and the homeostatic role of ion pumps, transporters and channels in the maintenance of solute compositions in both the intra- and extra-cellular fluid compartments. The module continues with detailed structure-function relationships within cells from three major tissues – i) nerve cells and the mechanisms of generation and propagation of the action potential, ii) skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle cells and mechanisms controlling contraction and finally iii) blood cells and O2 transport, immune response, coagulation and cell signaling pathways. No more than four credits may be counted toward the major in biology. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty. Laboratory course. Staff.
BIOL 215 - Biochemistry of the Cell
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Winter
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113 and CHEM 241 or 241S. Not open to students with credit for CHEM 341 (Biochemistry). A study of the molecular basis of cell structure and function. Topics include biomolecular structure and chemistry, enzyme kinetics and inhibition, bioenergetics, intermediary metabolism and its regulation, membrane structure and transport, membrane receptors and signal transduction, and the endomembrane system. The laboratory stresses techniques for use in current biochemical research. Laboratory course. Whitworth.
BIOL 215S - Biochemistry at St. Andrews
Credits: 6
Planned Offering: Winter
Prerequisites: CHEM 241 or 241S, an average grade of at least 3.0 in BIOL 111 and 113, a 3.000 cumulative GPA, and permission of the Department of Biology. This course may not be taken for credit by students who have completed CHEM 341. This course gives a solid background in mainstream biochemistry to students from a variety of backgrounds. The laboratory focuses on a variety of basic techniques and on experimental design. No more than four credits may be counted toward the majors in biology or neuroscience. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty. Laboratory course. Staff.
BIOL 216 - Tropical Ecology
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Spring, when departmental resources permit.
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113, instructor consent, and approval of the International Education Committee. Course participants visit sites of biological interest in the neotropics. The specific sites vary from year to year, but may include rain forest, high altitude forest, and/or the Galapagos Islands. Students gain firsthand experience with plant and animal communities that have distinctive scientific and historical importance, while learning about ecological and evolutionary processes responsible for patterns of biological diversity in the tropics. Laboratory course. Staff.
BIOL 217 - Aquatic Ecology
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Fall 2011 and alternate years
Prerequisite: BIOL 111 and 113; MATH 101 or higher; or permission of the instructor. This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the ecology of freshwater systems, with laboratory emphasis on streams and rivers in the local area. It includes a review of the physical and biological properties of freshwater ecosystems as well as current issues relating to their conservation. Laboratory activities focus around monitoring the impacts of current stream restoration efforts in local watersheds. Humston.
BIOL 220 - Genetics
FDR: SL: BIOL 221 is a corequisite for students seeking laboratory science credits
Credits: 3
Planned Offering: Winter
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. A study of the three main branches of modern genetics: 1) Mendelian genetics, the study of the transmission of traits from one generation to the next; 2) molecular genetics, a study of the chemical structure of genes and how they operate at the molecular level; and 3) population genetics, the study of the variation of genes between and within populations. This course is a prerequisite to most 300-level courses in biology. Ayoub, Cabe.
BIOL 221 - Genetics Laboratory
FDR: SL: see note above in BIOL 220
Credits: 1
Planned Offering: Winter
Corequisite: BIOL 220. Techniques in modern molecular genetics. Ayoub, Cabe.
BIOL 223 - Virology
Credits: 3
Planned Offering: Fall or Winter of 2012-2013 and alternate years
Prerequisite: BIOL 211 or 220. A study of those obligate intracellular parasites known as viruses, that infect both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including viral structure, mode of infection and replication, regulation of viral life cycle. Discussions include viral diseases in humans. Simurda.
BIOL 225 - Medicinal Plant Biology
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Winter 2011 and alternate years
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113 or permission of the instructor. From Taxol to Vitamin C plants provide important medicinal products for humans. This course is an introduction to the study of plant form and function from the perspective of the utilization of plants by humans for medicinal purposes. Lectures cover plant cell biology, biochemistry, physiology, genetics, and interactions with the environment. The laboratory includes modern plant biology techniques ranging from molecular to organismal. Laboratory course. Hamilton.
BIOL 230 - Field Biogeography and Species Conservation
FDR: SL
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Spring, when departmental resources permit
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113 or permission of the instructor. Corequisite: English 294. This course emphasizes the patterns of diversity encountered during visits to different regional plant communities where we use professional floristic works to identify vascular plants. In addition, evolutionary and ecological explanations for patterns of distribution and extinction, and the lessons these teach for conservation, are explored. (SL) Laboratory course. Staff.
BIOL 231 - Field Entomology
FDR: SC
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Spring, when departmental resources permit
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. A study of the diversity, classification and ecology of insects. This course consists primarily of fieldwork in Virginia (first four weeks) and Central America (last two weeks). Students become familiar with the major insect groups, make a synoptic collection, and compare diversity between temperate Virginia and tropical Central America. No other course may be taken concurrently. Laboratory course. Hurd.
BIOL 235 - Plant Diversity
FDR: SC
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Fall
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. An examination of the major groups of algae, fungi, bryophytes, and vascular plants of the world. In the laboratory, students will collect and study representatives of these groups from our local environment. Laboratory course. Staff.
BIOL 240 - Zoology
FDR: SC
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Winter
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. Form and function of animals with emphasis on evolution and ecology of major invertebrate and vertebrate groups. Laboratory course. Hurd.
BIOL 240S - Zoology at St. Andrews
FDR: SC
Credits: 6
Planned Offering: Fall.
Prerequisites: An average grade of at least 3.0 in BIOL 111 and 113, a 3.000 cumulative GPA, and permission of the Department of Biology. A study of zoology with emphasis on the evolution of diversity through adaptive radiation and strategies for existence among the major animal groups, from simplest to most complex forms. No more than four credits may be counted toward the major in biology. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty. Laboratory course. Staff.
BIOL 241 - Field Ornithology
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Spring 2012 and alternate years
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. This course integrates studies of bird biology with field observation and identification of local bird species. Topics covered include anatomy, taxonomy, reproduction, vocalization, migration, ecology, and evolution. Field trips to a variety of areas throughout Virginia emphasize identification skills and basic field research techniques. No other course may be taken concurrently. Laboratory course. Cabe.
BIOL 242 - Field Herpetology
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Spring
Prerequisite: BIOL 111 or ENV 110. Field Herpetology is a research-based course on the ecology and behavior of amphibians and reptiles. Research projects vary from year-to-year and are designed to give students plenty of time on the field and exposure to a diverse assortment of amphibian and reptile species. Students should be prepared for hiking off-trail, wading in swamps, and catching live animals. Marsh.
BIOL 243 - Animal Behavior
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Fall
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. An introduction to the scientific study of animal behavior, including exploration of the evolutionary basis of behavior and examination of how animals choose mates, defend territories, find food, and avoid predators. Field and laboratory exercises focus on testing hypotheses through experiments with a variety of animals, including fish, amphibians, birds, and humans. Laboratory course. Marsh.
BIOL 245 - Ecology
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Fall
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. An introduction to the study of interactions between organisms and their environments. Topics are arranged hierarchically: a) evolution and elementary population genetics; b) population dynamics and regulation; c) interspecific competition, predation, parasitism and symbiosis; d) community structure, energy and material flux in ecosystems. Laboratory is field oriented and investigative. Laboratory course. Hurd.
BIOL 246 - Biological Diversity: Patterns and Processes
FDR: SC
Credits: 3
Planned Offering: Winter
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113 or permission of the instructors. How are plants and animals distributed on Earth, and how do important biogeographical patterns reflect ecological and evolutionary processes? The answers to these questions are crucial to conservation efforts and to predicting changes in “biodiversity” during a time of unprecedented, rapid global environmental change. Hurd, Staff.
BIOL 250 - Vertebrate Endocrinology
Credits: 3
Planned Offering: No scheduled years.
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. A study of the chemoregulatory mechanisms of the vertebrates; emphasis is on biochemical and cellular, as well as physiological aspects of hormone action. Staff.
BIOL 255 - Reproductive Physiology
Credits: 3
Planned Offering: Fall
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. An examination of sex as a biological phenomenon with consideration of the genetic (chromosomal), embryological, endocrine, and neurological bases of sexual development, differentiation, and identity. Blythe.
BIOL 260 - Anatomy and Physiology
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Fall
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113 and instructor consent. An introduction to the structure, function, and homeostasis of the major organ systems of humans. Laboratory exercises include basic histology, dissection of the cat with comparisons to human anatomy, and physiology of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and urinary systems. Laboratory course. Gibber.
BIOL 260S - Human Systems Physiology at St. Andrews
Credits: 6
Prerequisites: An average grade of at least 3.0 in BIOL 111 and 113, a 3.000 cumulative grade-point average, and permission of the Department of Biology. An introduction to the control and regulation of important physiological processes in humans. Emphasis is placed on how the structure and function of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems are interrelated and how this integration of function is required for human survival. Changes associated with disease are discussed in the context of control systems that no longer operate as intended. No more than four credits may be counted toward the major in biology. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty. Laboratory course. Staff.
BIOL 265 - Integrative Science: Cardiovascular Disease
(ENGN 265)
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Offered when interest is expressed and departmental resources permit.
Prerequisite: BIOL 111 or PHYS 112. This course integrates biology, physics, engineering and mathematical modeling through the study of the cardiovascular system and cardiovascular disease. A variety of cardiovascular disease states are used to reinforce basic mechanical and electrical principles of cardiovascular physiology. Treatments using these physiological and/or engineering principles are also considered, such as cardiovascular drugs and drug delivery systems, heart and blood vessel transplantation, defibrillators and heart monitors, etc. Laboratories provide an opportunity to investigate fluid dynamics, cardiovascular monitoring using physiological transducers, computer heart/vessel modeling software, diagnostic imaging (ultrasound/MRI), etc. Speakers and site visits highlight cardiovascular medicine (clinical and/or veterinary), epidemiology, FDA medical device approval and testing, vascular stent design, etc., to provide a wider relevance to our discussions. Laboratory course. I’Anson.
BIOL 267 - Bioengineering and Bioinspired Design
ENGN 267 FDR: SC
Credits: 3
Planned Offering: Fall
Prerequisite: PHYS-112 or instructor consent. Interdisciplinary study of the physical principles of animal navigation and sensory mechanisms. This course integrates biology, physics, engineering, and quantitative methods to study how an animal’s physiology is optimized to perform a critical function, as well as how these biological systems inspire new technologies. Topics include: long-distance navigation; locomotion; optical, thermal, and auditory sensing; bioelectricity; biomaterials; and swarm synchronicity. Some examples of questions addressed are: How does a loggerhead turtle navigate during a 9,000 mile open-ocean swim to return to the beach where it was born? How does a blowfly hover and outmaneuver an F-16? How is the mantis shrimp eye guiding the next revolution in DVD technology? This course is intended for students interested in working on problems at the boundary of biology and physics/engineering, and is appropriate for those who have more experience in one field than the other. Lectures, reading and discussion of research literature, and hands-on investigation/field-work, where appropriate. Erickson
BIOL 270S - Comparative Biology at St. Andrews
Credits: 6
Planned Offering: Winter
Prerequisites: An average grade of at least 3.0 in BIOL 111 and 113, a 3.000 cumulative GPA, and permission of the Department of Biology. An examination of the comparative biology of animals and plants, focusing on the problems encountered by organisms in different habitats and with different lifestyles, and of the different structural, physiological and ecological solutions they have evolved. An analysis of fundamental design differences between plants and animals, between organisms of different sizes and biophysical effects of scaling, and between the stresses of aquatic and terrestrial lifestyles. Integration of ecology, physiology and behavior is a major theme. No more than four credits may be counted toward the major in biology. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty. Laboratory course. Staff.
BIOL 274 - Structural Biology
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: No scheduled years.
Prerequisite: BIOL 111 and 113, MATH 102 (or equivalent), and CHEM 112 or instructor consent. This course covers: (a) the fundamental concepts of structural biology (chemical building blocks, structure, superstructure, folding. etc.); (b) software for visualization, visualization styles, publication quality images; (c) the hierarchical nature of biomacromolecular structure classification; (d) computational methods to evaluate and compare biomacromolecular structure; (e) inferring structure/function relationships from structure; and (f) computational prediction of protein structure from sequence. Laboratory course. Staff.
BIOL 280 - Neural Imaging
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Spring
Prerequisite: BIOL 111, 113, 220 or instructor consent. This course examines how the architecture of specific types of neurons affect the neuron’s ability to receive, process, and transmit synaptic information. In particular, the course examines how some of the important molecular growth and differentiation cues (e.g., growth factors) can transmit signals important for axon growth and survival of developing and mature neurons. Topics may include neurogenesis, axonal pathfinding, synaptogenesis, and regeneration. Students will conduct original research in the laboratory and acquire skills with various imaging techniques and analytical tools. Watson.
BIOL 285 - Introduction to Systems Biology
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Spring
Prerequisites: BIOL 220. Over the last decade a host of innovations have dramatically changed the scale on which biologists can perform experiments and interrogate molecular processes. These new quantitative technologies have allowed us to move from single “component” or “process” views of the cell to being able to ask questions about integrated molecular systems. In this course, we review some of the new technologies which have been driving this change, delve into the primary literature in both biology and medicine to explore the ways in which these technologies have shaped investigation, and explore firsthand some of the computational and statistical approaches that are being used to make sense of large-scale datasets. Whitworth.
BIOL 295 - Topics in Biology
Credits: 1
Planned Offering: Fall, Winter
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113, at least junior standing and departmental consent. Seminar topics vary with instructor and term. Sample topics include: genetics, molecular genetics, virology, evolutionary biology, history of medicine, biology of aging, ecology, cancer, reproductive strategies, neuroendocrinology, microbiology and immunology. These are in-depth studies of restricted topics within the broad areas indicated by the titles, involving critical review of literature, discussion and oral and/or written presentation. One such seminar is required of each major pursuing a Bachelor of Science degree, and no more than two may be counted toward the 30 credits in biology required for the major. May be repeated for degree credit with permission and if the topics are different.
Topics for Winter 2012:
BIOL 295-01: You Are What You Eat! (1). With ever increasing rates of juvenile and adult obesity occurring in western society, understanding energy homeostasis is becoming even more important for biologists, as well as for society at large. We will explore the physiological literature to determine how energy homeostasis has been disturbed by our society’s eating habits and lifestyle, and discuss ways in which it can be re-balanced. I’Anson
BIOL 295-02: Infectious Disease (1). This seminar concerns the biology of the various plagues affecting human society throughout history. Simurda
Topics for Fall 2011:
BIOL 295-01: Experiments in Ecology (1). Research in ecology is no different than research in any other area of biology, except that the laboratory is much larger. Experiments still have to be done with replication and controls, and hypotheses are subject to rigorous testing in the same way that they are in physiology or genetics. We will present and discuss examples of experimental research from the ecological literature. Hurd.
Bio 295-02: The Biology of Alcohol (1). Why do humans consume intoxicating alcohol, and what are its physiological effects? What are the possible benefits and detriments to human health? We will read a variety of primary and review literature which examines the impact of alcohol on modern humans. Cabe.
Bio 295–03: Mysteries of Autism (1). In the past few decades, autism has gone from being virtually undescribed to being diagnosed in nearly 1 of every 150 children in the U.S. But most aspects of autism - from its biological basis to its apparent recent increase – remain very poorly understood. In this class, we will read and discuss the most up-to-date published research on autism, focusing on neurobiology, genetic and environmental associations, and broader patterns of epidemiology. Marsh
BIOL 296 - Topics in Integrative Science:
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Spring, offered when interest expressed and departmental resources permit
Prerequisite: BIOL 111 or PHYS 112 or permission of the instructor. Topics in integrative science.
BIOL 297 - Topics in Biology
Credits: 3 in fall, winter; 4 in spring
Planned Offering: Fall, Winter, Spring
Prerequisites vary with topic. Topic in Spring 2012:
BIOL 297-01: Field Botany (4). An entirely outdoor course, including some strenuous hiking, in which students learn to identify vascular plants using professional “floras” of the upper Shenandoah Valley watershed The conservation biology of many of these plants is discussed focusing upon alien invasive and rare plants of the upper Chesapeake Bay watershed. With no formal lectures in the course, students work with the group to identify plants as each student accumulates an annotated reference collection (a herbarium) of plants. The class reads and discusses several professional papers dealing with conservation problems caused by alien plants and the conservation ecology of rare plants. Some strenous hiking involved. (SL) Knox.
Topic in Winter 2012:
BIOL 297-01: Acquiring Energy: Feeding, Digestion & Metabolism (3). Prerequisite: BIOL 111. An introduction to the physiology of the mammalian digestive system and human nutrition. We begin with the anatomy and physiology of the digestive tract, then examine the digestion and absorption of foods in the major nutrient categories, including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and water, and discuss feeding mechanisms in a variety of mammalian species and evolution of the human diet. Students analyze nutrition information found in popular media, conduct an analysis of their own nutritional intake, and write a term paper based on the current research literature. Gibber. Winter 2012
BIOL 301 - Statistics for Biology and Medicine
Credits: 3
Planned Offering: Winter
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. This course examines the principles of statistics and experimental design for biological and medical research. The focus is on the practical and conceptual aspects of statistics, rather than mathematical derivations. Students completing this class will be able to read and understand research papers, to design realistic experiments, and to carry out their own statistical analyses using computer packages. Marsh.
BIOL 310 - Microbiology
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Winter
Prerequisite: BIOL 220, or BIOL 215 and CHEM 241, or CHEM 341. A broadly based course in the study of microorganisms, specifically: prokaryotic cells, microbial diversity, and the effects of microbes in the world, in society and in the bodies of animals and plants. It concerns the central role of microbiology as a basic biological science that enhances our understanding of the biology of higher organisms. Laboratory course. Simurda.
BIOL 320 - Modern Genetic Analysis
Credits: 3
Planned Offering: Fall 2011 and alternate years
Prerequisite: BIOL 220. An examination of DNA sequence-based information and its uses in molecular biology, medicine, and evolutionary studies. Includes technologies and approaches of sequencing, genome sequencing projects, analysis of sequence data, location of and identification of genes linked to disease, and using data to establish evolutionary histories of genes and species. Cabe.
BIOL 321 - Advanced Genetics Laboratory
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Spring 2013 and alternate years.
Prerequisites: BIOL 220 and 221. A research-based practicum on the acquisition and analysis of DNA sequence data. Students pursue lab-based independent projects to gain proficiency in DNA sequencing, and practice analyzing and comparing the DNA sequence data obtained. Laboratory course. Cabe.
BIOL 322 - Conservation Genetics
Credits: 3
Planned Offering: Fall 2012 and alternate years
Prerequisite: BIOL 220 or instructor consent. A study of the central issues of population genetics and their application to species preservation and conservation. Topics include genetic surveys of rare or threatened species; population structure and dispersal; inferring population histories from genetic data; phylogenetics of threatened species’ groups; hybridization between species; the use of genetic data in captive breeding programs and the prosecution of endangered species legislation; and the use of biotechnologies, such as cloning. Cabe.
BIOL 323 - Research Questions in Genomes
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Spring
Prerequisite: BIOL 220 or permission of instructor. Genomics is a rapidly growing field that integrates and expands on diverse subjects such as evolution, molecular biology, and computer science. Genomics has increased our understanding of human health and evolution and had a direct impact on the advancement of medicine. This course provides students the opportunity to actively engage in genomics research projects, thus increasing their understanding of the research process and the significance of genomics tools. Students generate original sequence data and annotate genes and other features, leading to an independent analysis of a comparative genomics question, and contributing to research publications. Laboratory course. Ayoub.
BIOL 325 - Ecological Modeling and Conservation Strategies
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Spring 2012 and alternate years
Prerequisites: MATH 101 or higher and BIOL 111 and 113, or instructor consent. This course is an intensive introduction to foundational methods in ecological modeling and their application, with emphasis on the dynamics of exploited or threatened populations and developing strategies for effective conservation. Topics include managing harvested populations, population viability analysis, individual based models, and simulation modeling for systems analyses. Laboratory course. Humston.
BIOL 330 - Experimental Botany: Global Climate Change
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Fall
Prerequisite: BIOL 220 or instructor consent. Lectures focus on the major impacts of global climate change (elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and elevated temperatures) on plant function (photosynthesis and respiration) and plant communities. Additional topics include global carbon budgets, plant carbon sequestration, and agricultural impacts. Participants review the pertinent primary literature and conduct a term-long laboratory research project. Laboratory course. Hamilton.
BIOL 332 - Plant Functional Ecology
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Spring
The emphasis and location of the study area differs from year to year. Information regarding the specific course topic and field trip schedule is made available in the fall. Through novel research projects in a variety of field settings (e.g., on-campus, Appalachian and Blue Ridge Mountains, The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem), this field-based laboratory course covers topics which investigate the vital roles that plants play in shaping Earth’s ecosystems. Topics focus on the responses of native plants to environmental stresses, such as global climate change (elevated temperature and carbon dioxide and drought), herbivory, and invasive species. Field and laboratory exercises focus on testing hypotheses through experiments using a variety of species from intact plant communities. A review of the pertinent literature is used to develop and conduct a term research project. Laboratory course. Hamilton.
BIOL 340 - Evolution
Credits: 3
Planned Offering: Fall
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113 or permission of the instructor. An examination of the evidence for evolution and the mechanisms by which evolution occurs. Ayoub.
BIOL 340S - Evolutionary Biology at St. Andrews
Credits: 6
Planned Offering: Winter
Prerequisites: An average grade of at least 3.0 in BIOL 111 and 113, a 3.000 cumulative GPA, and consent of the Department of Biology. An introduction to the theory and processes of evolution, emphasizing the scientific approach to the study of evolutionary phenomena. Topics include the significance of character variation within and between species, basic evolutionary genetics, speciation, evolution in predator-prey systems, evolution of sex, behavioral systems, and human evolution. No more than four credits may be counted toward the major in biology. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty. Laboratory course. Staff.
BIOL 350 - Immunology
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Fall
Prerequisites: Senior standing and one course chosen from BIOL 215, BIOL 215S, BIOL 220, or CHEM 341. A study of the structural and functional aspects of the immune system from the perspective of cellular and developmental biology; the biochemical and structural properties of antibodies and the possible origins of their diversity; and immunopathology. Simurda.
BIOL 355 - Microanatomy
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Fall
Prerequisite: At least junior standing and BIOL 220. A study of the normal microscopic structure of the mammalian body with emphasis placed on structural and functional correlations. Laboratory work includes the study of prepared tissue and the preparation of tissues for microscopy. Laboratory course. I’Anson.
BIOL 362 - Animal Physiology
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Winter
Prerequisite: At least junior standing and BIOL 220. A comparative study of functional processes of animals, primarily vertebrates, and their environmental interactions. Laboratory emphasis is on functional adaptations and the use of physiological instrumentation in measuring functional processes. Laboratory course. I’Anson, Blythe.
BIOL 365 - Developmental Biology
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Winter 2013
Prerequisite: BIOL 220. An examination of the goals, practices, and accomplishments of contemporary developmental biology. Topics include gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis, genetic control of cell differentiation, transgenic procedures, cloning, embryo manipulation, and stem cells. Lectures, discussions of the developmental literature, and electronic media are utilized. Laboratory sessions focus on experimental manipulations of early invertebrate and vertebrate embryos and emphasize student-designed research projects. Laboratory course. Watson.
BIOL 395 - Selected Topics in Structural and Functional Biology
Credits: 3
Planned Offering: Offered when interest is expressed and departmental resources permit.
Prerequisites: BIOL 220, and at least junior standing. Topics include physiology, neurobiology, developmental biology and immunology. May be repeated for degree credit with permission and if the topics are different.
BIOL 396 - Selected Topics in Cellular and Molecular Biology
Credits: 3-4
Prerequisites: BIOL 220, and at least junior standing. Topics include genetics, virology, cell biology and microbiology. May be repeated for degree credit with permission and if the topics are different.
BIOL 397 - Neuroendocrinology
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Offered when interest is expressed and departmental resources permit
Prerequisites: BIOL 220, and at least junior standing. The study of the interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system, with special reference to regulation and communication in the mammal. Topics may include neuroendocrine regulation of development, the role of the adrenal axis in stress, metabolic regulation of reproduction, or biological rhythms. May be repeated for degree credit with permission and if the topics are different. I’Anson.
BIOL 398 - Selected Topics in Ecology and Evolution
Credits: 3
Planned Offering: Offered when interest is expressed and departmental resources permit.
Prerequisites: BIOL 220, and at least junior standing. Topics include ecology, behavior, evolution, and natural history of selected taxonomic groups. May be repeated for degree credit with permission and if the topics are different.
BIOL 401 - Directed Individual Study
Credits: 1
Prerequisite: Instructor consent. Reading in the primary research literature on a selected topic under the direction of a faculty member, by prior mutual agreement and according to departmental guidelines (available from biology faculty). May be repeated for degree credit with permission and if the topics are different. No more than six credit hours of work at the 400 level may apply toward the major. Staff.
BIOL 402 - Directed Individual Study
Credits: 2
Prerequisite: Instructor consent. Reading in the primary research literature on a selected topic under the direction of a faculty member, by prior mutual agreement and according to departmental guidelines (available from biology faculty). May be repeated for degree credit with permission and if the topics are different. No more than six credit hours of work at the 400 level may apply toward the major. Staff.
BIOL 403 - Directed Individual Study
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: Instructor consent. Reading in the primary research literature on a selected topic under the direction of a faculty member, by prior mutual agreement and according to departmental guidelines (available from biology faculty). May be repeated for degree credit with permission and if the topics are different. No more than six credit hours of work at the 400 level may apply toward the major. Staff.
BIOL 422 - Directed Individual Research
Credits: 2
Prerequisite: Instructor consent. Each student conducts primary research in partnership with a faculty member, by prior mutual agreement and according to departmental guidelines (available from biology faculty). Consult the department Web page or individual faculty for a description of current research areas. May be repeated for degree credit with permission and if the topics are different. No more than six credit hours of work at the 400 level may apply toward the major. Staff.
BIOL 423 - Directed Individual Research
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: Instructor consent. Each student conducts primary research in partnership with a faculty member, by prior mutual agreement and according to departmental guidelines (available from biology faculty). Consult the department Web page or individual faculty for a description of current research areas. May be repeated for degree credit with permission and if the topics are different. No more than six credit hours of work at the 400 level may apply toward the major. Staff.
BIOL 424 - Directed Individual Research
Credits: 4
Prerequisite: Instructor consent. Each student conducts primary research in partnership with a faculty member, by prior mutual agreement and according to departmental guidelines (available from biology faculty). Consult the department Web page or individual faculty for a description of current research areas. May be repeated for degree credit with permission and if the topics are different. No more than six credit hours of work at the 400 level may apply toward the major. Staff.
BIOL 442 - Honors Thesis Proposal
Credits: 2
Prerequisite: Honors candidacy and instructor consent. Writing a proposal for honors thesis research, including a clear statement of the problem being studied, a literature review, and a feasible, detailed plan for the research. Taken no later than the winter term of the junior year. No more than six credit hours of work at the 400 level may apply toward the major. Staff.
BIOL 464 - Richmond Clinical Rotation Program
Credits: 4
Planned Offering: Spring
Prerequisites: 3.000 cumulative grade-point average; BIOL 111, CHEM 112, or PHYS 112; sophomore or junior standing; and selection through an application process. This program is for students who have demonstrated an interest in a career in medicine. The Richmond Term Program combines an introductory experience in a medical practice with academic study of Immunology and infectious disease. It exposes the students to the process and problems of medicine through observations, seminars, and discussions. This is a faculty-supervised, off-campus experience with various physicians in Richmond, VA. Simurda.
BIOL 492 - Honors Thesis
Credits: 2
Prerequisites: Honors candidacy, instructor consent, and BIOL 442. Laboratory and/or field research resulting in an honors thesis. A total of six credits is required. No more than six credit hours of work at the 400 level may apply toward the major. Staff.
BIOL 493 - Honors Thesis
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: Honors candidacy, instructor consent, and BIOL 442. Laboratory and/or field research resulting in an honors thesis. A total of six credits is required. No more than six credit hours of work at the 400 level may apply toward the major. Staff.
BIOL 494 - Honors Thesis
Credits: 4
Prerequisites: Honors candidacy, instructor consent, and BIOL 442. Laboratory and/or field research resulting in an honors thesis. A total of six credits is required. No more than six credit hours of work at the 400 level may apply toward the major. Staff.
BIOL 495 - Honors Thesis
Credits: 5
Prerequisites: Honors candidacy, instructor consent, and BIOL 442. Laboratory and/or field research resulting in an honors thesis. A total of six credits is required. No more than six credit hours of work at the 400 level may apply toward the major. Staff.
BIOL 496 - Honors Thesis
Credits: 6
Prerequisites: Honors candidacy, instructor consent, and BIOL 442. Laboratory and/or field research resulting in an honors thesis. A total of six credits is required. No more than six credit hours of work at the 400 level may apply toward the major. Staff.
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