2019-2020 University Catalog archived
Course Descriptions
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Art History |
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ARTH 403 - Directed Individual Study
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: Permission of the department. Individual or class study of special topics in art history. May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different. Staff.
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ARTH 453 - Internship in Arts Management
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: Instructor consent. Supervised experience in an art gallery, art dealership, museum, or auction house approved by the Art and Art History Department. Requires written exercises and readings, in addition to curatorial projects devised in advance by the instructor and student. May be carried out during the summer. Archer.
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ARTH 473 - Senior Thesis
Credits: 3
Co-requisite: ARTH 395 in fall term. Prerequisites: 3.500 cumulative grade-point average and senior standing. An art history thesis. Application to write a thesis must be made by May 1 of the junior year. A thesis abstract with a written statement of the objective must be presented at this time. The Art History faculty will evaluate all thesis proposals within three weeks to determine the student’s preparedness and the project’s validity, designating each as a ‘Pass,’ ‘Provisional Pass’ (requiring resubmission of proposal), or ‘Re-direction’ (to a 300-level seminar or independent study). Accepted students may begin their research over the summer and should plan to submit an updated proposal on September 20 of fall term. Honors will be determined based on the quality of writing and inquiry in March of the senior year. Student writing a thesis will be recognized at the baccalaureate department awards ceremony. Staff.
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ARTH 493 - Honors Thesis
Credits: 3-3
Co-requisite: ARTH 395 in fall term. Prerequisites: 3.500 cumulative grade-point average, honors candidacy and senior standing. An art history thesis. Students should enroll in ARTH 493 only after honors candidacy has been determined by the Art History faculty. The culmination is an oral defense of the thesis project. Students achieving honors will be recognized at the baccalaureate department awards ceremony and in the university graduation program. Staff.
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Studio Art |
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ARTS 111 - Drawing I
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: Instructor consent. Development of skills and visual awareness through the study of the basic elements of drawing. Variety of media, including pencil, charcoal, ink and crayon. Lab fee required. Beavers, Olson-Janjic.
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ARTS 112 - Drawing II
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: ARTS 111 and instructor consent. Continuation of Drawing I. Lab fee required. Beavers, Olson-Janjic.
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ARTS 120 - Photography I
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: Instructor consent. An introduction to the methods and materials of black and white film photography, with an emphasis on composition, exposure, and darkroom technique. The course includes a combination of image presentations, technical demonstrations, studio instruction, and group critiques. Lab fee required; cameras are available for check-out. Archer, Bowden.
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ARTS 121 - Light Studies and Optical Culture
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: Instructor consent. Light and optics are the fundamental elements of photographic media and of contemporary media culture. This foundational course introduces students to the formal characteristics of light and lenses by surveying a variety of image-making practices, from primitive photographic devices to digital photography and video. Through a combination of classroom talks and hands-on projects, students encounter principles of black-and-white and color photography, as well as learning camera controls that open up a wide range of expressive possibilities. Historical antecedents, contemporary practices, and strategies of critical interpretation are discussed in relation to specific assignments throughout the term. Laboratory fee required. Smigrod.
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ARTS 131 - Design I
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: Instructor consent. An introduction to the elements and concepts of two-dimensional design within the context of current digital technology, with an emphasis on contemporary computer software programs.
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ARTS 180 - FS: First-Year Seminar
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: First-year class standing. First-year seminar. Topics vary by term.
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ARTS 211 - Figure Drawing I
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: ARTS 111 and instructor consent. Drawing from the human figure using a variety of media. Lab fee required. Olson-Janjic.
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ARTS 212 - Figure Drawing II
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: ARTS 211 and instructor consent. Continuation of ARTS 211 with emphasis on the use of the human figure as a compositional element. Lab fee required. Olson-Janjic.
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ARTS 213 - Drawing Italy
FDR: HA
Experiential Learning (EXP): YES
Credits: 4
Prerequisites: ARTS 111 and instructor consent. Living and drawing on site in Rome, Florence, Umbria, and Tuscany and with day trips to Pompeii, Assisi, and other important art sites in Italy. Students explore Italy’s vast artistic heritage within its cultural context, then apply this experience to their own art while working in the distinctive Mediterranean light. Media include pen and ink, pastel and acrylic. Lab fee required. Olson-Janjic.
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ARTS 214 - Drawing in Place
FDR: HA
Credits: 4
Prerequisite: ARTS 111 and instructor consent. This drawing course is intended for intermediate drawing students. The goals of this intensive course are to practice drawing skills, learn about the tradition of art of place, and to produce a series of drawings based on a specific place. The first two weeks is spent brushing up on the basics of drawing while reading and discussing writings about place and site-oriented art. Image presentations and group discussion support the readings. Beavers.
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ARTS 215 - Creating Comics
(ENGL 215) FDR: HA
Credits: 4
Prerequisite: ARTS 111 or WRIT 100, and instructor consent. A course which is both a creative-writing and a studio-art course. Students study graphic narratives as an art form that combines image-making and storytelling, producing their own multi-page narratives through the “writing” of images. The course includes a theoretical overview of the comics form, using a range of works as practical models. Beavers, Gavaler.
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ARTS 217 - Painting I
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: Instructor consent. Emphasis on color, design and spatial relationships. Work from observation and imagination in oil and acrylic. Lab fee required. Olson-Janjic.
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ARTS 218 - Painting II
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: ARTS 217 and instructor consent. Continuation of ARTS 217. Lab fee required. Olson-Janjic.
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ARTS 219 - Painted Light: Interpreting the Landscape
FDR: HA
Credits: 4
Prerequisite: ARTS 217 or instructor consent. This course begins with the introduction of en plein air, a French expression which means “in the open air” and is used to describe the act of painting outdoors. We examine artists who have worked en plein air, past and present, study their work and methods, and then apply this knowledge to painting outdoors. Emphasis is on the way light and color define form and space. Students build on their knowledge of color theory through observation and implementation. Beginning with the concept of plein air, we quickly branch out to more interpretive and subjective uses of the landscape in painting, resulting in a cohesive body of work. Lab fee required. Olson-Janjic.
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ARTS 220 - Photography II
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: ARTS 120 and instructor consent. An introduction to digital photography, explored through a combination of technique and creative problem solving. Methods and approaches for editing, sequencing, and presentation are investigated. The course includes a combination of demonstrations, studio instruction, and group critiques, as well as image presentations, readings, and discussions related to historical and contemporary movements in the medium. Lab fee required; cameras are available for check-out. Bowden.
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ARTS 221 - Antique Photographic Processes
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Not open to students with credit for courses in alternative photographic processes. Prerequisite: ARTS 120. An exploration of 19th-century photographic processes within the context of the history of photography. Individual processes are learned through studio demonstration and intensive hands-on lab sessions. Processes covered in this course include salt printing, cyanotype, Van Dyke, kallitype, and platinum and palladium printing and toning, as well as wet plate collodion processes such as tintypes and ambrotypes. Students learn how to make enlarged digital negatives for contact printing from photographs that originate in either film or digital formats. In addition to technique, students learn the historical background of each process, as well as contemporary trends and artists working with these methods. Bowden.
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ARTS 222 - Paris: History, Image, Myth, Part I
FDR: HU
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: Instructor consent required. This course is the prerequisite for the spring course, ARTS 223. Students may not take this course and HIST 207. The history of Paris in the modern era is intimately linked to the history of photography, an artistic medium born out of the intellectual and cultural ferment of the nineteenth century. This interdisciplinary course, taught in conjunction with HIST 207, examines both the history of Paris and the city’s long photographic tradition. We cover how photography offers insight into the shaping of Paris in the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as how the medium has been transformed by the changing landscape of the city. Bowden.
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ARTS 223 - Paris: History, Image, Myth
FDR: HA
Experiential Learning (EXP): YES
Credits: 4
Prerequisites: Prerequisite: Instructor consent. Recommended: ARTS 120. Students may not take this course and HIST 210. Participants in this course spend four weeks in Paris asking the following questions: how can photography capture Parisian life and Parisian spaces to document a sense of place? How can we use photography to observe the city’s changing landscape as well as understand its rich past? Indeed, how has photography–the development of which is closely tied to Paris’ history–altered the fabric of the city? Topics include the social and political transformations of the 19th century, the shifting geography of artistic Paris, and contemporary trends such as immigration and gentrification. Numerous museum and gallery visits will also play an important role in our time in Paris. This course is taught in close collaboration with HIST 210, creating an interdisciplinary context for students to explore the relationship of photography to the modern history and contemporary issues of Paris. Bowden.
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ARTS 224 - Color Photography
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: ARTS 120 and instructor consent. An exploration of the visual and technical principles of color photography, as applied in the digital realm. Students learn the concepts of color photography through studio projects, as well as image presentations, readings, and discussions of methods and artists, historical and contemporary. Students photograph in digital format and learn the craft of fine color printing in the digital darkroom. Lab fee required; cameras are available for check-out. Bowden.
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ARTS 226 - Introduction to the Book Arts
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
A creative exploration of the tradition of the handmade book. Students learn to make several styles of binding, including accordion books, pamphlets, and Japanese bindings, developing some skill in letterpress printing, paper decorating, and simple printmaking techniques to create original handmade books. Readings, discussions, and slide lectures introduce students to the ingenious history of books and printing. Besides constructing imaginative, individual book art projects, students create one collaborative project. Lab fee required. Smigrod.
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ARTS 227 - Printmaking I
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: ARTS 111 or instructor consent. A survey of fine art printmaking media, with emphasis on beginning techniques and the artistic potential of the print. Media include a selection of techniques from intaglio, relief, and planographic printmaking. Beavers.
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ARTS 228 - Printmaking II
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: ARTS 227 and instructor consent. Continuation of Printmaking I, with emphasis on one of the major media of printmaking (intaglio, relief, lithography). Students gain experience both with technique and the creative ability to solve visual problems and present compelling images in two dimensions. Beavers.
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ARTS 231 - Introductory Sculpture: Materials and Methods
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: Instructor consent. An introduction to sculpture techniques, tools and materials. Developing skills in working with wood, metal, clay, as well as new media technologies. Lab fee required. de Lissovoy.
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ARTS 232 - Intermediate Sculpture: Expanded Material Practice
FDR: HA
Experiential Learning (EXP): Yes
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: ARTS 231. Students broaden their understanding of what sculpture can be through projects that materialize memory and imagine new futures. Emphasis is on studio projects in wood, metal, fabric, and non-traditional materials, responding to the ways contemporary sculpture pushes at the edges of what defines it. The course compels students to add significant experience in materializing sculptural projects while deepening perceptions of their own practices. Laboratory fee required. de Lissovoy.
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ARTS 233 - Eco Art
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
This course treads on the uncharted territory that lies between contemporary art practices and environmental activism, thus redefining cultural norms about the objectives and potential instrumental values of contemporary art. Eco artists replace conventional art store supplies with living plants and microbes, mud and feathers, electronic transmissions and digital imagery, temperature and wind. Through artworks and artists working within the vast scope of environmental concerns. students learn about energy, waste, climate change, technology, sustainability, etc., as well as about creative ecological processes and the relationships between materials, tools, and ecosystems. Tamir.
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ARTS 234 - Permasculpture
FDR: HA
Experiential Learning (EXP): YES
Credits: 4
This course is designed to appropriate the principles of sustainable agriculture (permaculture) into the field of environmental installation. Through the process of designing an environmental sculptural system, the entire ecology of the environment is taken into account, including the flora and fauna, the community, and any other defining feature of the chosen location. Students propose and realize a project that integrates collaborative partnerships with the community and the natural environment, while experiencing all stages of production of an outdoor sculptural installation: the research, the design, the partnerships, and all aspects of the fabrication process. Laboratory fee. Tamir.
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ARTS 235 - Art: Site and Situation
FDR: HA
Credits: 4
Students design, construct, and install environmentally friendly site specific art. Design work is conducted in the computer lab, construction done in the art studios, and installation is on campus or at a selected site in the Lexington area.
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ARTS 239 - Dimensions of Art and Math
(MATH 239) FDR: HA
Credits: 3
In this studio course, we explore subject matters from the interface of mathematics and art by combining mathematical principles and artistic sensibilities and processes. We explore the potential synergy between the two disciplines through looking at designs, patterns, dimensions, and forms through two separate prisms, and we try to find ways in which one can be applied to the other. Abrams and Tamir.
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ARTS 275 - Community Muralism: The Art of Public Engagement
(ARTH 275) FDR: HA
Experiential Learning (EXP): Yes
Credits: 4
Our nation is currently witnessing a community mural renaissance. Public murals help to create welcoming and inclusive public spaces, build and solidify community identity, commemorate individuals or events, arouse social consciousness or impact social change, and recognize the voices of traditionally disempowered groups. During the term, we trace the historical development of community murals. Students participate in studio exercises that give them experience with a variety of methods, materials, and techniques necessary to plan, design, and produce a largescale community mural. We produce and document a mural in collaboration with a local community partner. Lepage, Olson-Janjic.
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ARTS 291 - Special Topics in Painting
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: ARTS 111 or 217 or instructor consent. Intermediate and advanced study in painting with emphasis on specialized media and topics. Examples of media offered include acrylic, oil, mixed media, and encaustic with subject matter ranging from the figure and landscape to non-objective imagery. May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different. Lab fee required. Olson-Janjic.
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ARTS 297 - Special Topics in Studio Art
FDR: HA
Credits: 1 or 3
Prerequisite: ARTS 111 or instructor consent. In various years the topics and media change, given the interest of the faculty and presence of visiting artists. May be repeated when topics are different. Lab fee required.
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ARTS 309 - Studio Seminar: Methods in Contemporary Art Practice
Experiential Learning (EXP): Yes
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: Studio art major and instructor consent. This course is a critique-based studio seminar designed to prepare students for the senior thesis in studio arts and built around a term-long visual arts project responding to current trends in contemporary art. This seminar introduces a theme or topic, supported by readings, films, and image presentations, as the focus of class discussions exploring and highlighting the work of relevant contemporary artists. Students develop and plan a body of work inspired by or in response to this theme. Group and individual critiques assess each student’s progress towards this goal. Lab fee required. Staff.
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ARTS 317 - Painting III
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: ARTS 218 and instructor consent. For studio art majors. Continuation of the formal structure of painting with emphasis on developing the expression and style of the individual student. Expand awareness of contemporary concerns in art. Lab fee required. Olson-Janjic.
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ARTS 318 - Painting IV
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: ARTS 317 and instructor consent. Continuation of ARTS 317. Lab fee required. Olson-Janjic.
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ARTS 320 - Large Format Photography
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: Arts 120 and instructor consent. An introduction to large format photography with the 4x5 camera. Topics covered in the course include advanced exposure techniques utilizing the zone system, the craft of fine printing in both the darkroom and digital studio, and the process for shooting, editing, and sequencing a body of work. Alternative process printing methods may also be explored. This course includes an emphasis on group critique, as well as presentations, readings, and discussions related to historical and contemporary movements in the medium. Lab fee required; cameras are available for check-out. Bowden.
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ARTS 321 - Advanced Approaches in Photography
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: ARTS 320 and instructor consent. Advanced studies in fine art photography and the photographic print, with an emphasis on creating a substantial term-long project. Students may work in traditional, digital, or alternative process techniques in either black-and-white or color and larger film and/or print formats are encouraged. Lab fee required; cameras available for check-out. Bowden.
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ARTS 327 - Printmaking III
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: ARTS 228 and instructor consent. Students concentrate on producing a body of work through deeper exploration of one of the printmaking techniques. More emphasis on critical evaluation in the planning and execution stage. Seminar style discussion of contemporary issues in printmaking. Beavers.
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ARTS 329 - Special Topics in Printmaking
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: ARTS 227 and instructor consent. This course focuses on a problem or theme in printmaking, such as sequential or series of images, production of large-scale prints, simple alternative technique, digital processes, image with text, etc. May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different. Beavers.
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ARTS 331 - Sculpture III
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: ARTS 131 and instructor consent, with ARTS 211 highly recommended. Problems are designed to develop an awareness of form relationships in the human figure and to gain an understanding of how they relate to design principles and elements. Lab fee required.
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ARTS 332 - Sculpture IV
FDR: HA
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: ARTS 232 and instructor consent. A continuation of ARTS 331 with emphasis on in-depth studio problems. Further readings and presentations in contemporary sculpture. Lab fee required.
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ARTS 421 - Directed Studio Projects
Credits: 1
Prerequisites for projects in sculpture: ARTS 231 and instructor consent, Stene. Prerequisites for projects in painting: ARTS 217 and instructor consent, Olson-Janjic. Prerequisites for projects in photography: ARTS 120 and instructor consent, Bowden. Prerequisites for projects in printmaking: ARTS 227 and instructor consent, Beavers. Guided studio work for the art major. May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different. Staff.
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ARTS 422 - Directed Studio Projects
Credits: 2
Prerequisites for projects in sculpture: ARTS 231 and instructor consent, Stene. Prerequisites for projects in painting: ARTS 217 and instructor consent, Olson-Janjic. Prerequisites for projects in photography: ARTS 120 and instructor consent, Bowden. Prerequisites for projects in printmaking: ARTS 227 and instructor consent, Beavers. Guided studio work for the art major. May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different. Staff.
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ARTS 423 - Directed Studio Projects
Credits: 3
Prerequisites for projects in sculpture: ARTS 231 and instructor consent, Stene. Prerequisites for projects in painting: ARTS 217 and instructor consent, Olson-Janjic. Prerequisites for projects in photography: ARTS 120 and instructor consent, Bowden. Prerequisites for projects in printmaking: ARTS 227 and instructor consent, Beavers. Guided studio work for the art major. May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different. Staff.
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ARTS 453 - Internship in Studio Art
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: Instructor consent. Supervised off-campus experience in an artist’s studio approved by the Department of Art and Art History. Requires a follow-up, on-campus project, devised in advance by the instructor and student. May be carried out during the summer. Staff.
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ARTS 473 - Senior Thesis
Experiential Learning (EXP): Yes
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: ARTS 309. A studio art thesis. Creative work and a portfolio with a written statement of objectives must be presented to the department for consideration by September 30. Staff.
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ARTS 493 - Honors Thesis
Experiential Learning (EXP): Yes
Credits: 3-3
Prerequisites: ARTS 309, 3.500 cumulative grade-point average, honors candidacy and senior standing. A studio art thesis. Application for the honors candidacy must be made by May 1 of the junior year. Creative work and a portfolio with a written statement of the objective must be presented at this time. The culmination is an oral defense of the thesis project. Staff.
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Biology |
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BIOL 101 - Environmental Biology: Endangered Plants of the Appalachians
FDR: SL
Credits: 4
Using case studies in plant endangerment as a focal point for understanding ecological and evolutionary processes and the impact of human activities on biodiversity, students gain fundamental insight into their relationship with the living world and the importance of preserving biological diversity through a combination of targeted readings, intensive discussions, and basic research in the field, Field activities take place in regional hotspots of plant endemism and give students experience in applied conservation research. Field sites and subject species vary from year to year. Winder.
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BIOL 105 - Introduction to Behavioral Ecology
FDR: SL
Credits: 4
Prerequisite: Instructor consent required. How do animals experience the world? What are animal social systems like? How do animals choose mates, find places to live, decide when to help others? This course for non-majors focuses on both the mechanisms of animal behavior (genes, hormones, sensory systems) and the adaptive value of behavior for survival and reproduction in nature. The laboratory includes field experiments and lab observations that test hypotheses using animals such as salamanders, cows, birds, and humans. Credit does not apply toward the biology major. Laboratory course. Marsh.
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BIOL 111 - Fundamentals of Biology
FDR: SL: BIOL 113 is a corequisite for students seeking laboratory science credits.
Credits: 3
Corequisite: BIOL 113. Suitable for First-Years interested in pursuing a major in biology, neuroscience or environmental studies or the pre-health curriculum. During pick one you must choose a lecture (BIOL 111) and a lab section (BIOL 113). Securing a lab section (BIOL 113) only does not save a space in a lecture section (BIOL 111). An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication applied to topics that vary among sections and terms. Specific subjects, chosen from within the scope of modern biological investigation according to the expertise of individual instructors, are examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. This course, and its companion laboratory, are prerequisites for all higher level biology courses.
Winter 2020, BIOL 111-01: Fundamentals of Biology: Evolutionary Medicine (3). Corequisite: BIOL 113. An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication, examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, ecology, physiology, population dynamics, and biochemistry. This course examines underlying principles of evolution and genetics as applied to human health and medicine. Specific topics include how clonal evolution gives rise to antibiotic resistance, how population genetics can explain exceptionally high rates of heritable diseases like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia in subsets of the human population, and the possibility that the recent rise of asthma may result from a mismatch between the environments experienced by humans for hundreds of generations versus the modern environment. (SL: BIOL 113 is a co-requisite for students seeking laboratory science credits). Ayoub.
Winter 2020, BIOL 111-02: Fundamentals of Biology: My Own Personal Genome (3). Corequisite: BIOL 113. All students will be required to submit samples to the personal genetic testing company 23andMe, which is done as a group during the first week of class. Cost of testing is covered by a course fee of $110. An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication, examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. The explosive growth of genetics and genomics offers unprecedented possibilities for investigating and understanding our own genomes. In medicine and health, are we entering an age of “personal genomics”? What can we learn about our own characteristics and health risks? Students explore the basics of molecular genetics, and use this foundation to better understand personal genomic data. Students examine their own data during the term. (SL: BIOL 113 is a co-requisite for students seeking laboratory science credits). Cabe
Winter 2020, BIOL 111-03: Fundamentals of Biology: Environmental Microbiology (3). Corequisite: BIOL 113. An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication, examined in the context of major concepts such as genetics, molecular mechanisms, and environmental relationships. In this section, we investigate the interactions among humans, microbes, and their shared environments. (SL: BIOL 113 is a co-requisite for students seeking laboratory science credits). Lanier.
Winter 2020, BIOL 111-04: Fundamentals of Biology: Microbiome (3). Corequisite: BIOL 113. An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication, examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. The bacteria that inhabit our gut play an increasingly recognized role in diverse aspects of biology from neural development to immune function. We’ll explore the ecosystem of the microbiome, its interaction with other physiological systems, and how its disruption can potentially lead to disease. This course, and its companion laboratory, are prerequisites for all higher-level biology courses. (SL: BIOL 113 is a co-requisite for students seeking laboratory science credits). Marsh.
Fall 2019, BIOL 111-01: Fundamentals of Biology: Bacterial Genetics (3). Corequisite: BIOL 113. An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication, examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. This section is an introduction to the genes and the mechanisms of gene expression by bacterial cells. It focuses on the current issues of bacterial infections in humans, for example: virulence, antibiotic resistance, or emerging diseases. (SL: BIOL 113 is a co-requisite for students seeking laboratory science credits.) Simurda.
Fall 2019, BIOL 111-02: Fundamentals of Biology: Yellowstone Ecology (3). Corequisite: BIOL 113. An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication, examined in the context of major concepts such as ecology, physiology, population dynamics, and biochemistry. From cells to satellite data and bacteria and bears, this course investigates multiple biological levels of organization using the world’s first national park as a case study. (SL: BIOL 113 is a co-requisite for students seeking laboratory science credits.) Hamilton.
Fall 2019, BIOL 111-03: Fundamentals of Biology: Communication (3). Corequisite: BIOL 113. An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication, examined in the context of major concepts such as genetics, molecular mechanisms, and environmental relationships. This section investigates communication mechanisms of a cell with its external environment beginning with the single-celled organism. We move on to a consideration of cell size and the evolution of multi-cellular organisms. Multi-cellular forms of communication are also introduced.(SL: BIOL 113 is a co-requisite for students seeking laboratory science credits.) I‘Anson.
Fall 2019, BIOL 111-04: FS: Fundamentals of Biology: Environmental Microbiology (3). First-Year Seminar. Prerequisite: First-year class standing only. Corequisite: BIOL 113. Limited to 15 students, these seminars are reading- and discussion-based with an emphasis on papers, projects, studio work, or hands-on field experience rather than exams. An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication, examined in the context of major concepts such as genetics, molecular mechanisms, and environmental relationships. In this section, we investigate the interactions among humans, microbes, and their shared environments. (SL: BIOL 113 is a co-requisite for students seeking laboratory science credits). Lanier.
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BIOL 113 - Biology Laboratory
FDR: SL: see note in BIOL 111.
Credits: 1
Corequisite: BIOL 111. Prerequisites: Limited seating available for sophomores, juniors and seniors. All students should contact Helen I’Anson, in the Biology department, for consent as soon as the class schedule is available and before registration begins. Corequisite: BIOL 111. A laboratory course to accompany BIOL 111. Students are trained in basic techniques of biological research by demonstrations and investigatory exercises, including data analysis and scientific communication. Lanier, Winder.
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BIOL 150 - Genetic Engineering and Society
(CHEM 150) FDR: SL
Credits: 4
No prerequisites. Intended for non-science majors. Humans have manipulated genes for thousands of years to make better crops and to domesticate animals. But in the last century the ability to transfer genes from one organism to another (“genetic engineering”) has dramatically changed our understanding of biology and our lives. In this course, we explore the nuts and bolts of genetic engineering and a small sampling of its applications, including developing drugs and vaccinations, enhancing crops, testing for genetic diseases, and genetic testing in the courtroom. These applications introduce ethical considerations for us to debate. In addition, we use molecular-biology tools to carry out our own genetic engineering projects with spider silk genes, which have potential for multiple medical and industrial applications. Students culminate the term by making a sales pitch to biotech companies to buy their spider-silk genes. Laboratory course. Ayoub and Friend.
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BIOL 160 - CSI: W&L
(CHEM 160) FDR: SL
Credits: 4
No prerequisites. Appropriate for non-science majors. Additional course fee required, for which the student is responsible after Friday of the 7th week of winter term. This laboratory course is an introduction to the field of forensic science with a focus on the physical, chemical, and biological basis of crime scene evidence. A particular emphasis is on the analysis of trace physical (e.g., glass, soil, fiber, ballistics) and biological (e.g., hair, blood, DNA) evidence and forensic toxicology (e.g., drugs, alcohol, poisons). The laboratory portion of this course provides “hands-on” opportunities to analyze collected crime scene samples and to utilize some of the commonly used forensic laboratory techniques such as microscopy, chromatography, and spectroscopy. The course also introduces some of the legal aspects associated with collection and analysis of crime-scene evidence. Laboratory course. LaRiviere, Watson.
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BIOL 180 - FS: First-Year Seminar
Credits: 3
First-year seminar. Prerequisite: First-year standing. Topical description when offered. Applicability to FDRs and other requirements varies.
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BIOL 185 - Data Science: Visualizing and Exploring Big Data
Credits: 3
No prior programming experience required. We live in the era of Big Data. Major discoveries in science and medicine are being made by exploring large datasets in novel ways using computational tools. The challenge in the biomedical sciences is the same as in Silicon Valley: knowing what computational tools are right for a project and where to get started when exploring large data sets. In this course, students learn to use R, a popular open-source programming language and data analysis environment, to interactively explore data. Case studies are drawn from across the sciences and medicine. Topics include data visualization, machine learning, image analysis, geospatial analysis, and statistical inference on large data sets. We also emphasize best practices in coding, data handling, and adherence to the principles of reproducible research. Fulfills the computer science requirement for biology and neuroscience majors. Whitworth.
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BIOL 187 - Introduction to Data Science in Python
Credits: 4
No prior programming experience required. In this era of data science, major discoveries in science and medicine are being made by exploring datasets in novel ways using computational tools. The challenge in the biomedical sciences is the same as in Silicon Valley: knowing what computational tools are right for a project and where to get started when exploring large data sets. In this course, students learn to use Python, a popular open-source programming language and Jupyter Notebook data-analysis environment, to explore data interactively. Case studies are drawn from across the sciences and medicine. Topics include data visualization, physiological modeling, image analysis, and statistical inference on large data sets. We also emphasize best practices in coding, data handling, and adherence to the principles of reproducible research. Toporikova.
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BIOL 195 - Topics in Biology
Credits: 3 credits in Fall and Winter, 4 credits in Spring
Topics vary with instructor and term. May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different.
Fall 2019, BIOL 195A-01: Topic in Biology: Evolutionary Medicine (3). Analyzing human health through the lens of evolutionary biology can lead to a better understanding of disease and improved patient outcomes. Humans and the pathogens that infect us share a long, co-evolutionary history, and the results of treatment often depend critically upon the trajectories of within-host pathogen evolution. Many non-infectious diseases and syndromes may also be side effects of long-term human adaptation to an environment that is very different from our modern world. This course explores several topics in evolutionary medicine including the evolution of the human microbiome, human-pathogen coevolution, the evolution of drug resistance and evolutionary strategies for avoiding resistance, recent human evolution, aging, cancer, and human genomics and personalized medicine. (SC) Sackman.
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BIOL 201 - Statistics for Biology and Medicine
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. This course examines the principles of statistics and experimental design for biological and medical research. The focus is on the practical and conceptual aspects of statistics, rather than mathematical derivations. Students completing this class will be able to read and understand research papers, to design realistic experiments, and to carry out their own statistical analyses using computer packages. Marsh.
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BIOL 210 - Human Parasitology
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. A survey of the phenomenon of animal parasitism, including discussion of the chief distinguishing structures, life cycles, and functions of major pathogenic parasites infecting humans and other animals. Simurda.
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BIOL 211 - Cell Biology
Credits: 4
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113 and at least sophomore standing. This course will focus on understanding the components of a cell, the internal organization of a cell, how they move, how they function, how they respond to cues from their external environment, and the limits of our current knowledge. Lecture topics will include the internal organization of a cell, structure and function of DNA, RNA and proteins, membrane and cytoskeleton structure function, protein sorting, membrane transport, cell cycle and cell-cycle control, cell signaling and communication, and cell death. The lab component reinforces the lecture by emphasizing the experimental approaches to the study of cell biology. Laboratory course. Watson.
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BIOL 211S - Cell Biology at St. Andrews
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: An average grade of at least 3.0 in BIOL 111 and 113, a 3.000 cumulative GPA, and permission of the Department of Biology. Lecture and lab work are intermingled in this course that introduces the structure and function of the cell and sub-cellular organelles. as well as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The diversity and development of different cell types within multicellular organisms is also discussed. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty. Staff.
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BIOL 212S - Molecular Biology at St. Andrews
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: An average grade of at least 3.0 in BIOL 111 and 113, a 3.000 cumulative GPA, and permission of the Department of Biology. Molecular biology is an essential tool within modern biology, widely used in biochemistry, cell biology, physiology, ecology, and evolution. This course provides an introduction to modem molecular biology. Lecture and laboratory exercises are intermingled to provide an understanding of fundamental biological processes that are central to molecular biology. In addition, genomics and bioinformatics concepts and tools are introduced. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty. Staff.
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BIOL 215 - Biochemistry of the Cell
Credits: 4
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113 and CHEM 241 or 241S. Not open to students with credit for CHEM 341 (Biochemistry). A study of the molecular basis of cell structure and function. Topics include biomolecular structure and chemistry, enzyme kinetics and inhibition, bioenergetics, intermediary metabolism and its regulation, membrane structure and transport, membrane receptors and signal transduction, and the endomembrane system. The laboratory stresses techniques for use in current biochemical research. Laboratory course. Whitworth.
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BIOL 215S - Biochemistry at St. Andrews
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: CHEM 241 or 241S, an average grade of at least 3.0 in BIOL 111 and 113, a 3.000 cumulative GPA, and permission of the Department of Biology. This course may not be taken for credit by students who have completed CHEM 341. This course gives a solid background in mainstream biochemistry to students from a variety of backgrounds. This course examines major biological macromolecules, the common motifs which occur in metabolic reactions, explores the properties of enzymes catalyzing these reactions, and considers the approaches to characterize the small molecule complement (metabolites) of biological systems. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty. I’Anson.
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BIOL 217 - Aquatic Ecology
Credits: 4
Prerequisite: BIOL 111 and 113; MATH 101 or higher; or instructor consent. This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the ecology of freshwater systems, with laboratory emphasis on streams and rivers in the local area. It includes a review of the physical and biological properties of freshwater ecosystems as well as current issues relating to their conservation. Laboratory activities focus around monitoring the impacts of current stream restoration efforts in local watersheds. Humston.
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BIOL 220 - Genetics
FDR: SL: BIOL 221 is a corequisite for students seeking laboratory science credits
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113, and sophomore or junior standing. A study of the three main branches of modern genetics: 1) Mendelian genetics, the study of the transmission of traits from one generation to the next; 2) molecular genetics, a study of the chemical structure of genes and how they operate at the molecular level; and 3) population genetics, the study of the variation of genes between and within populations. This course is a prerequisite to most 300-level courses in biology. Ayoub, Cabe.
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BIOL 221 - Genetics Laboratory
FDR: SL: see note above in BIOL 220
Credits: 1
Prerequisite: BIOL 111 and 113, and sophomore or junior standing. Corequisite: BIOL 220. Techniques in modern molecular genetics. Ayoub, Cabe.
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BIOL 223 - Virology
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: BIOL 211 or 220. A study of those obligate intracellular parasites known as viruses, that infect both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including viral structure, mode of infection and replication, regulation of viral life cycle. Discussions include viral diseases in humans. Simurda.
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BIOL 225 - Medicinal Plant Biology
Credits: 4
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113 or instructor consent. From Taxol to Vitamin C plants provide important medicinal products for humans. This course is an introduction to the study of plant form and function from the perspective of the utilization of plants by humans for medicinal purposes. Lectures cover plant cell biology, biochemistry, physiology, genetics, and interactions with the environment. The laboratory includes modern plant biology techniques ranging from molecular to organismal. Laboratory course. Hamilton.
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BIOL 240 - Zoology
FDR: SC
Credits: 4
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. Form and function of animals with emphasis on evolution and ecology of major invertebrate and vertebrate groups. Laboratory course. Hurd.
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BIOL 240S - Zoology at St. Andrews
FDR: SC
Credits: 6
Prerequisites: An average grade of at least 3.0 in BIOL 111 and 113, a 3.000 cumulative GPA, and permission of the Department of Biology. A study of zoology with emphasis on the evolution of diversity through adaptive radiation and strategies for existence among the major animal groups, from simplest to most complex forms. No more than four credits may be counted toward the major in biology. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty. Laboratory course. Staff.
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BIOL 241 - Field Ornithology
FDR: SL
Credits: 4
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. This course integrates studies of bird biology with field observation and identification of local bird species. Topics covered include anatomy, taxonomy, reproduction, vocalization, migration, ecology, and evolution. Field trips to a variety of areas throughout Virginia emphasize identification skills and basic field research techniques. No other course may be taken concurrently. Laboratory course. Cabe.
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BIOL 242 - Field Herpetology
Credits: 4
Prerequisite: Instructor consent and either BIOL 111 or ENV 110 Field Herpetology is a research-based course on the ecology and behavior of amphibians and reptiles. Research projects vary from year-to-year and are designed to give students plenty of time on the field and exposure to a diverse assortment of amphibian and reptile species. Students should be prepared for hiking off-trail, wading in swamps, and catching live animals. Marsh.
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BIOL 243 - Animal Behavior
Credits: 4
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. An introduction to the scientific study of animal behavior, including exploration of the evolutionary basis of behavior and examination of how animals choose mates, defend territories, find food, and avoid predators. Field and laboratory exercises focus on testing hypotheses through experiments with a variety of animals, including fish, amphibians, birds, and humans. Laboratory course. Marsh.
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BIOL 244S - Invertebrate Zoology at St. Andrews
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: An average grade of at least 3.0 in BIOL 111 and 113, a 3.000 cumulative GPA, and permission of the Department of Biology. This course surveys the major invertebrate groups from an evolutionary perspective, emphasizing the diversity of body plans while demonstrating how common functional requirements such as feeding, respiration, excretion, and reproduction are achieved. The economic, social, and scientific impact that invertebrates have on human society is identified. Practical exercises reinforce and complement the lectures in this course. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty. Staff.
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BIOL 245 - Ecology
Credits: 4
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. An introduction to the study of interactions between organisms and their environments. Topics are arranged hierarchically: a) evolution and elementary population genetics; b) population dynamics and regulation; c) interspecific competition, predation, parasitism and symbiosis; d) community structure, energy and material flux in ecosystems. Laboratory is field oriented and investigative. Laboratory course. Hurd.
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BIOL 245S - Ecology at St Andrews
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: An average grade of at least 3.0 in BIOL 111 and 113, a 3.000 cumulative GPA, and permission of the Department of Biology. Basic concepts in population and community ecology and how they relate to biodiversity. Fundamental ecological concepts covered include population regulation, intra- and inter-specific competition, species niches, taxonomic and functional diversity. I’Anson.
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BIOL 247S - Vertebrate Zoology at St. Andrews
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: An average grade of at least 3.0 in BIOL 111 and 113, a 3.000 cumulative GPA, and consent of the Department of Biology. This course explores the diversity of vertebrate animals, beginning with the closest relatives of vertebrates and the evolutionary origins of the group. A detailed look at the defining characteristics of the body plans and lifestyles of the key vertebrate groups illustrate how they carry out basic animal functions in similar or different ways. This is put in an evolutionary context to reveal the patterns and trends in the vertebrates as a whole, while also highlighting current phylogenetic controversies. The module then explores some common themes across the key groups, starting with the developmental biology of some vertebrate model systems and the lessons we can learn from these. We also see how the highly developed brains of vertebrates have allowed the evolution of astonishing sensory capacities and of complex behaviors, and how these are different (or not) from invertebrates. Staff.
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BIOL 250 - Vertebrate Endocrinology
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. This course provides an introduction to the scientific study of the endocrine system, including exploration of chemoregulatory mechanisms in vertebrates and examination of biochemical, cellular, and physiological aspects of hormone action. In-class exercises focus on developing written and verbal scientific communication skills, as well as in-depth analysis of primary literature. Blythe.
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BIOL 255 - Reproductive Physiology
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. An examination of sex as a biological phenomenon with consideration of the genetic (chromosomal), embryological, endocrine, and neurological bases of sexual development, differentiation, and identity. Staff.
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BIOL 260 - Anatomy and Physiology
Credits: 4
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113 and instructor consent. This course is an introduction to the structure, function, and homeostatic properties of the major organ systems of humans. Laboratory exercises include basic histology, kinesthetic clay modeling of human musculature, and standard diagnostic medical tests such as urinalysis and spirometry. Laboratory course. Blythe.
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BIOL 261S - Comparative Physiology at St. Andrews
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: An average grade of at least 3.0 in BIOL 111 and 113; a cumulative GPA of at least 3.000; and consent of the Department of Biology. Students study organisms in order to explore the origins and nature of physiological diversity. The course covers the principles of physiological adaptation In a range of animals, including examples from all major taxa and from all habitats. I’Anson.
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BIOL 267 - Bioengineering and Bioinspired Design
(ENGN 267) FDR: SC
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: PHYS-112 and instructor consent. Interdisciplinary study of the physical principles of animal navigation and sensory mechanisms. This course integrates biology, physics, engineering, and quantitative methods to study how an animal’s physiology is optimized to perform a critical function, as well as how these biological systems inspire new technologies. Topics include: long-distance navigation; locomotion; optical, thermal, and auditory sensing; bioelectricity; biomaterials; and swarm synchronicity. Some examples of questions addressed are: How does a loggerhead turtle navigate during a 9,000 mile open-ocean swim to return to the beach where it was born? How does a blowfly hover and outmaneuver an F-16? How is the mantis shrimp eye guiding the next revolution in DVD technology? This course is intended for students interested in working on problems at the boundary of biology and physics/engineering, and is appropriate for those who have more experience in one field than the other. Lectures, reading and discussion of research literature, and hands-on investigation/field-work, where appropriate. Erickson.
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BIOL 275 - Food for Thought
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113. This course utilizes problem-based learning to investigate nutrition and metabolism, as well as to the neural and hormonal regulation of feeding behavior. Through the use of primary literature and service-learning experiences, students develop an understanding of the experimental tools used in basic and applied nutritional sciences research. Because nutrition directly relates to many health care and quality-of-life issues at the forefront of modern society, this course also examines popular literature on food-related topics. Blythe.
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BIOL 280 - Neural Imaging
Credits: 4
Prerequisite: BIOL 111, 113, 220 or instructor consent. This course examines how the architecture of specific types of neurons affect the neuron’s ability to receive, process, and transmit synaptic information. In particular, the course examines how some of the important molecular growth and differentiation cues (e.g., growth factors) can transmit signals important for axon growth and survival of developing and mature neurons. Topics may include neurogenesis, axonal pathfinding, synaptogenesis, and regeneration. Students will conduct original research in the laboratory and acquire skills with various imaging techniques and analytical tools. Watson.
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BIOL 282 - Problem Solving in Biological Systems: A Modeling Approach
FDR: SL
Credits: 4
Prerequisite: MATH 101. Biological systems are incredibly complex and include multiple interactions, which makes them hard to understand and to predict the outcomes. In this course, students learn how to solve complex problems inspired by biological systems
using a modeling approach. Students learn to identify most essential elements of biological systems, construct the
verbal and graphical models, translate them to a computational software, and make predictions that are relevant for
health policy, conservation efforts, or experimental outcomes. The topics include spread of infectious diseases,
population dynamics, physiology, and neuroscience. Laboratory course. Toporikova.
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BIOL 283 - Pregnancy: A KISS in Time?
Credits: 4
Prerequisite: BIOL 111 and 113. No programming experience required; all necessary skills and training are provided as a set of tutorials. Kisspeptin (KISS) is a neuropeptide that controls reproductive maturation and function. Its adequate secretion is essential for correct reproductive function and successful pregnancy. Recent experimental studies have shown that KISS may act as a central integrator for other reproductive hormones and neuropeptides. For example, KISS stimulates release of the hormone prolactin (PRL), which helps to maintain pregnancy and prepare the body for lactation. In this class ,students determine the role that KISS plays in successful pregnancy using computational modeling. Students experience the world of computational modeling in neuroendocrinology by working in teams to investigate and extend an existing model for hormonal interaction between KISS and PRL in pregnancy in rats. The model will be used to generate experimentally tested predictions. Toporikova.
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BIOL 295 - Seminar in Biology
Credits: 1
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113, at least junior standing and departmental consent. Seminar topics vary with instructor and term. Sample topics include: genetics, molecular genetics, virology, evolutionary biology, history of medicine, biology of aging, ecology, cancer, reproductive strategies, neuroendocrinology, microbiology and immunology. These are in-depth studies of restricted topics within the broad areas indicated by the titles, involving critical review of literature, discussion and oral and/or written presentation. May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different.
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BIOL 297 - Topics in Biology
Credits: 3 or 4 in fall or winter; 4 in spring
Prerequisites vary with topic. Topics vary with instructor and term.
Winter 2020, BIOL 297A-01: Topic: Cell Biology (3). Not to be taken by students who have completed BIOL 211 or 211S. This course focuses on understanding the components of a cell, the internal organization of a cell, how they move, how they function, how they respond to cues from their external environment, and the limits of our current knowledge. Lecture topics will include the internal organization of a cell, structure and function of DNA, RNA and proteins, membrane and cytoskeleton structure and function, protein sorting, membrane transport, cell cycle and cell cycle control, cell signaling and communication, cell death and cancer. Watson.
Spring 2020, BIOL 297-01: Topic: Urban Ecology (4). An integration of the complexity of interactions between living organisms and the rapidly changing, human-dominated, urban environment. Students study the implications of urbanization on water and nutrient cycles, invasive species, heat island effects, and how humans are altering the evolutionary trajectory of human commensal species. The course includes a week-long field component running an experiment on human-wildlife interactions. Bleicher.
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BIOL 310 - Microbiology
Credits: 4
Prerequisite: ONE of the following: BIOL 220 plus CHEM 241, or BIOL 215, or CHEM 341. A broadly based course in the study of microorganisms, specifically: prokaryotic cells, microbial diversity, and the effects of microbes in the world, in society and in the bodies of animals and plants. It concerns the central role of microbiology as a basic biological science that enhances our understanding of the biology of higher organisms. Laboratory course. Simurda.
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BIOL 322 - Conservation Genetics
Credits: 3
Prerequisite: BIOL 220 or instructor consent. A study of the central issues of population genetics and their application to species preservation and conservation. Topics include genetic surveys of rare or threatened species; population structure and dispersal; inferring population histories from genetic data; phylogenetics of threatened species’ groups; hybridization between species; the use of genetic data in captive breeding programs and the prosecution of endangered species legislation; and the use of biotechnologies, such as cloning. Cabe.
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BIOL 325 - Ecological Modeling and Conservation Strategies
Credits: 4
Prerequisites: MATH 101 or higher and BIOL 111 and 113, or instructor consent. This course is an intensive introduction to foundational methods in ecological modeling and their application, with emphasis on the dynamics of exploited or threatened populations and developing strategies for effective conservation. Topics include managing harvested populations, population viability analysis, individual based models, and simulation modeling for systems analyses. Laboratory course. Humston.
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BIOL 330 - Experimental Botany: Global Climate Change
Credits: 4
Lectures focus on the major impacts of global climate change (elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and elevated temperatures) on plant function (photosynthesis and respiration) and plant communities. Additional topics include global carbon budgets, plant carbon sequestration, and agricultural impacts. Participants review the pertinent primary literature and conduct a term-long laboratory research project. Laboratory course. Hamilton.
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BIOL 332 - Plant Functional Ecology
Credits: 4
Additional course fee required, for which the student is responsible after Friday of the 7th week of winter term. The emphasis and location of the study area differs from year to year. Information regarding the specific course topic and field trip schedule is made available in the fall. Through novel research projects in a variety of field settings (e.g., on-campus, Appalachian and Blue Ridge Mountains, The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem), this field-based laboratory course covers topics which investigate the vital roles that plants play in shaping Earth’s ecosystems. Topics focus on the responses of native plants to environmental stresses, such as global climate change (elevated temperature and carbon dioxide and drought), herbivory, and invasive species. Field and laboratory exercises focus on testing hypotheses through experiments using a variety of species from intact plant communities. A review of the pertinent literature is used to develop and conduct a term research project. Laboratory course. Hamilton.
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BIOL 340 - Evolution
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: BIOL 111 and 113 or instructor consent. An examination of the evidence for evolution and the mechanisms by which evolution occurs. Ayoub.
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BIOL 340S - Evolutionary Biology at St. Andrews
Credits: 3
Prerequisites: An average grade of at least 3.0 in BIOL 111 and 113, a 3.000 cumulative GPA, and consent of the Department of Biology. An introduction to the theory and processes of evolution, emphasizing the scientific approach to the study of evolutionary phenomena. Topics include the significance of character variation within and between species, basic evolutionary genetics, speciation, evolution in predator-prey systems, evolution of sex, behavioral systems, and human evolution. No more than four credits may be counted toward the major in biology. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty. Laboratory course. Staff.
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